Publication date: 5 January 2026
Author: npj Climate Action
Description: Unequal access to electricity between urban and rural areas continues to constrain inclusive development and equitable climate action. This study examines household and community-level determinants of solar energy adoption across Ethiopia by drawing on nationally representative data from the World Bank Ethiopia Socio-Economic Survey Wave 5 (2021–2022) which was collected through a two-stage stratified random sampling. We use a multi-level logistic regression to distinguish within- and between-community determinants, and the Spatial Durbin Error Model to evaluate whether adoption diffuses through peer effects.
